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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for crime prevention through environmental design (cpt
12 results foundAuthor: Clarke, L., Gilbertson, A., eds. Title: Addressing Crime and Disorder in Public Places Through Planning and Design Summary: Dealing with crime (including terrorism) and disorder in public places is high on the public’s agenda. However, consideration of the complex issues involved may only start when construction is complete and operation starts. At that point many issues will be considered by operators and facility managers/maintainers. If these issues are considered in the early design stage they can be incorporated into the design. This guide considers how the issues may be considered at the planning and design stages to assist a successful outcome in operation. The guide also provides easily accessed information about parties to be consulted and notes the complexity and interplay of the issues. Detailed information is provided about the issues and case study examples are included to demonstrate decision making in action. Details: London: CIRIA, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: CIRIA C710: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://www.ciria.org/service/Web_Site/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?Section=Web_Site&ContentID=20843 (summary only): full report: http://www.bcsc.org.uk/media/downloads/CIRIAC710-AddressingCrimeAndDisorder.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.ciria.org/service/Web_Site/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?Section=Web_Site&ContentID=20843 (summary only): full report: http://www.bcsc.org.uk/media/downloads/CIRIAC710-AddressingCrimeAndDisorder.pdf Shelf Number: 122885 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimePublic Space |
Author: Liedl, Claudia Title: Top-down vs. Bottom-up: Does a top-down approach bear more advantages than a bottom-up approach within the implementation process of housing security projects? Summary: In March 2004 the European Commission enacted a legal act in order to manifest crime prevention within the European Union. This act aimed at the prevention of domestic burglary, violent crime and high-volume crime. The Council Decision of May 2001 stated that crime prevention covers all measures that are intended to reduce or otherwise contribute to reducing crime and citizens' feeling of insecurity, both quantitatively and qualitatively, either through directly deterring criminal activities or through policies and interventions designed to reduce the potential for crime and the causes of crime. It includes work by government, competent authorities, criminal justice agencies, local authorities, specialist associations, the private and voluntary sectors, researchers and the public, supported by the media (Europea - Summaries of EU legislation, 2006). This is a very broad definition of crime prevention; this study does only focus on a small part of it. The case study carried out in this thesis comprises two projects based on the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) theory. In the study two CPTED projects (a German and a Dutch one) which deal with housing security are investigated. As they are already evaluated by other scholars this will not be the purpose of the study. This thesis compares the two ways of implementing a project bottom-up and top-down and therefore deals with the research question whether a top-down approach bears more advantages than a bottom-up approach within the implementation process of housing security projects. Details: Twente: University of Twente, Centre for European Studies, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 27, 2012 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/61106/1/BSc_B_Liedl.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://essay.utwente.nl/61106/1/BSc_B_Liedl.pdf Shelf Number: 125792 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeDomestic BurglaryHousing Security (Germany, Netherlands) |
Author: Aantjes, Feike Title: Residential burglaries: A comparison between self-report studies of burglars and observational data from Enschede Summary: Residential burglary is a serious crime. In Twente the amount of residential burglaries increased in the period of 2007 till 2011 every year by at least 8%. A burglary has a significant impact on the victims, not only financially but emotionally as well. Once a burglary is committed, a repeat of the crime is very likely. Some theories try to explain how burglars operate and why. These theories are the rational choice perspective, the routine activities approach, the opportunity theory, the crime pattern theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This study compares the results of self report studies of burglars with observational data from Enschede, a Dutch city with approximately 157.000 citizens. The self report studies are from Macintyre (2001). He interviewed 50 burglars to obtain a list of seventeen cues, which play a role in assessing whether a house is suitable to break in to or not. Some cues attract burglars, while others deter them. In Enschede 851 houses were observed in 2010, 430 of them were burglarized in 2008 and the other 421 were not burglarized the past 5 years. Every house was observed using a checklist, which was used for characteristics of the houses and the direct environment. Every cue of Macintyre is compared with the data from Enschede, to find out whether the cues correspond or not. The factors dog evidence and people in the street have in agreement with Macintyre a significant lower chance of getting burglarized. Houses with bad window frames or bad maintenance or a corner house are significantly more likely to get burglarized. Houses with high fences, an alarm system or extra locks are more likely to get burglarized, in contrast with what was expected. The other cues had no significant impact on the chance of getting burglarized. Further research can take alarm systems and extra locks into account and investigate whether these are effective measures, as well as dead-end streets and take the different types of dead-end streets into account. Finally a replica of Macintyre’s study in a Dutch setting with information about the modus operandi could generate more insight in the target selection and breaking and entering of burglars in The Netherlands. Details: The Netherlands: Universiteit Twente, 2012. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2012 athttp://essay.utwente.nl/61668/1/MSc_F_Aantjes.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands URL: http://essay.utwente.nl/61668/1/MSc_F_Aantjes.pdf Shelf Number: 125826 Keywords: Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTResidential Burglary (The Netherlands)Self-Report Studies, Burglars (The Netherlands) |
Author: Fischman, Allison Title: Reconciling Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Walkability Factors for Safe, Active Trips to School: The Role of School Site Size, Placement and Design Summary: Obesity is a growing threat to child health, and active transportation through walking and biking to school is one way to reduce its prevalence. As school districts and local governments begin to coordinate planning for the location of new schools, the ability of children to walk and bike to school is receiving greater attention. With increased media focus on school shootings and terrorist attacks, child safety at and around schools is also receiving greater attention than ever before. More and more school districts and local governments are employing the theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in development regulations and school facilities plans. This research analyzes the largely unexplored effects of the implementation of CPTED mechanisms on public health, specifically its effects on walkability and the potential for children's active transport to school. In this study, a methodology set forth by Steiner et al. (2008) is used to determine the potential for children to walk and bicycle to school in a sample of sixteen elementary schools in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Results from the walkability analysis are then compared to the results of a CPTED survey to identify and explore any relationship(s) between walkability and the presence of CPTED-related elements. The study has three research components: (1) analysis of the potential for children to walk to school based on a variety of measures for a sample of elementary schools; (2) analysis of the presence and location of CPTED-related elements at and around the sample school sites; and (3) comparison of the potential for walkability to the presence of CPTED-related elements and identifying any relationship(s) or interaction. There is considerable variation, but results generally do not support a clear answer to the question of how CPTED and walkability interact at school sites and in surrounding neighborhoods, this study presents an initial methodology for exploring the issue. A more refined methodology may help researchers and practitioners better understand facilitators and impediments to active transportation among children. With this information, planners will be more knowledgeable about the effects of CPTED on walkability and will be able to make informed recommendations to improve CTPED-influenced policies. Also, school facilities planners and officials will be better informed about these effects and can use the information to help maximize the potential for safe, active trips to school. Details: Gainesville, FL: Department of Urban and Regional Planning; College of Design, Construction, and Planning; University of Florida, 2009. 115p. Source: Dissertation: Library Resource, Available at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Acc. # 126075. Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 126075 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeEvaluative StudiesSchool Safety |
Author: Association of British Insurers Title: Securing the Nation: The Case for Safer Homes Summary: Domestic burglary also has a high social cost. It has a disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable in society, who also have the least home security protection and the least ability to bear the financial impacts of a burglary. Households without any security devices (such as deadlocks, window locks, security lights, CCTV and burglar alarms) are more than four times as likely to be burgled than those with. There is a role for proportionate crime reduction measures to be designed into homes at the very first stages of development and during refurbishment, rather than added as an optional extra after the fact. Building Regulations on security should be developed now so that current opportunities – a relatively benign economic cycle and a push for growth in housing (the London Plan alone identifies the need for 345,000 new homes to be built in London by 2016) – are not lost. The Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 offers a unique opportunity to address the heavy ongoing costs of crime through developing and implementing a new Part S on minimum standards of security to Building Regulations. An established and well-regarded base – the Association of Chief Police Officers’ initiative Secured By Design (SBD) – already exists from which regulation and supporting guidance should be developed. In particular, SBD’s physical security measures on external doors and windows (the most used points of entry by burglars) provide an appropriate basis for regulation and already provide cross-compliance with existing regulation (such as Part L on energy conservation). In addition to setting a minimum standard for security, Building Regulations can ensure a proportionate response to differing and changing crime risks by requiring a risk assessment and by developing guidance to, and a technical specification of, higher standards. This would also encourage the consideration of the Government’s planning system advice in ‘Safer Places’. Details: London: Association for British Insurers, 2006. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2012 at http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Securing%20the%20Nation%20-%20the%20case%20for%20safer%20homes.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Securing%20the%20Nation%20-%20the%20case%20for%20safer%20homes.pdf Shelf Number: 126083 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against Crime (U.K.)Domestic BurglaryHousing Security (U.K.) |
Author: Shehayeb, Dina Title: Planning and Designing Urban Space, Community and Crime Prevention: The Case of Arab Countries Summary: World statistics on safety and security show that the MENA region has one of the lowest crime rates in the World (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Homicide rates are associated with combinations of social, economic, cultural and political factors that are unique to localities. Even though underlying risk factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and political conflict prevail in several of the Arab Countries, homicide rates for selected global regions shows that the Arab Countries still have the lowest rates. At city level, large and rapidly growing cities in the Middle East report significantly lower crime rates than urban places elsewhere (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Based on Crime Trends Survey data, the Middle East is one of the regions with the lowest rates of robbery, with 3 and 2 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively (UNOCD, 2005). The relation of urban space, community and crime prevention has not been studied enough in the region. Place-based crime prevention and reduction theories of defensible space since Oscar Newman (1972) have originated in certain social and cultural contexts and have been often challenged (Kennedy & Silverman, 1985; Merry, 1981; Rohe & Burby, 1988). This earlier trend of physical determinism ignores the role of other variables such as socio-cultural homogeneity, income, teenager-to-adult ratio, places where crimes occurred, and type of crime; the impact of which on crime and fear of crime proved highly significant (Coleman, 1985; Coleman, 1988, pp. 161-170; Mawby, 1977; Van der Wurff, 1988; Schweiteer et al 1999). More recently crime prevention through environmental design – CPTED (Jeffrey, 1977) situational crime prevention (Clarke,1997) and environmental criminology have increasingly been supported by empirical research suggesting that interaction between the social and the built environment including the physical design and its management plays a role in facilitating or diminishing opportunities for crime and violence. While there is no way of establishing causality between physical design or management and crime, some research indicates that 10 - 15 % of crimes have environmental design and management components (Schneider and Kitchen, 2002, 2007). However, the relation between design, management and social aspects as factors affecting crime lacks clarification. Another problem is the limited scope of intervention that this literature has targeted. Empirical research has focused on certain planning and design elements and ignored others. For example, lighting, landscape, and activity scheduling in urban space (UN-HABITAT, 2007) have been focused upon, but not land use planning, street pattern and conditions of the edge of urban space, all of which have proved to play a major role in influencing use and perceptions within urban space (Shehayeb et al., 2003; Shehayeb, 1995). The lack of integration of crime prevention strategies within comprehensive city planning practices has been emphasized as a factor in facilitating opportunities for urban crime (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Recent directions in crime prevention have addressed physical planning from a rather limited perspective; with an emphasis on more effective policing and control strategies such as video surveillance (UN-HABITAT, 2009). For example, they focus on elements such as street widening that can open up previously impenetrable urban areas to police and emergency service vehicles, or the creation of new and ‘better’ housing which would improve manifest living conditions and public control of urban spaces. Such guidelines may lead to reverse outcomes; increased policing maybe at the cost of community building and territorial claim, both of which are factors that have shown effectiveness in promoting safety and security, in some contexts better than policing! Mediating factors such as perceptions of safety, sense of community, and appropriation of space, highly practiced in many cities of the Arab World, should be explained to reveal the nature of the relation between urban space and crime. The role of culture as a modifier of both behavior in, and meaning of, the built environment should be understood so as to avoid making the mistake of formulating prescriptive guidelines and design recipes suitable in some socio-cultural contexts but not in others. This paper aims at exposing some wide-spread misconceptions about the relation between physical space and crime, explaining the role of mediating factors so as to better generalize conclusions to different contexts, and finally, to show how these factors are at play in the context of Egypt as a case study representing the Arab Countries. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation (GCST), 2010. 21p. Source: GCST Policy Brief Series No. 16: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.securitytransformation.org/ContentPages/2467318928.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.securitytransformation.org/ContentPages/2467318928.pdf Shelf Number: 126643 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against Crime (Arab Countries)Public SpaceSituational Crime PreventionUrban Areas |
Author: Brooke, Michael Title: Design and Access Statements: How to Use Them to Prevent Crime Summary: One of the biggest problems that the field of planning for crime prevention has faced is the fact that, too often, crime prevention when it is considered at all in the design process is merely an afterthought. The consequence of this, very frequently, is that the scope for reducing the opportunity for crime to be committed via the design process becomes limited. Experience suggests that, once design ideas get established, developers and their agents are often unwilling to change them very significantly to incorporate something that hasn’t been thought about properly up to that point, and of course to incur the extra costs associated with undertaking further design work. And the consequence of this is that, unfortunately, the opportunity to incorporate crime prevention concerns into a development layout has often not been taken as fully as it could have been. But it doesn’t need to be like this, and Design and Access Statements provide an opportunity for the development community to face this issue more effectively than has often been the case to date. The key to this is thinking about the kinds of crimes that the type of development being proposed is likely to be subject to right at the start of the development process (which can be established from crime statistics and from police advice), and then creating strategies to reduce the likelihood of these crimes occurring as an integral part of initial design thinking about the project rather than as a later consideration. This guide gives lots of helpful advice about the kinds of things that developers and their agents need to think about when tackling the issue of planning for crime prevention in this manner. Adopting this approach in turn should mean that the requirements of paragraph 132 of Communities and Local Government’s publication ‘Guidance on Information on Requirements and Validation’ (March 2010) can readily be met when preparing a Design and Access Statement. Details: London: ACPO Secured by Design, 2010. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://www.securedbydesign.com/pdfs/Design%20and%20Access%20Statements%20-%20How%20to%20use%20them.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/pdfs/Design%20and%20Access%20Statements%20-%20How%20to%20use%20them.pdf Shelf Number: 126646 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against Crime (U.K.)Public Space |
Author: MIT Senseable City Lab Title: New Energy for Urban Security: Improving Urban Security Through Green Environment Design Summary: UNICRI, in collaboration with the SENSEable City Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has implemented a research project aimed at helping policymakers to design and implement effective urban security, crime prevention and criminal justice policies based on sustainable urban design. The project includes assessing the impact of sustainable urban design on the security and rule of law in contemporary cities. Within the framework of the project, the Institute published the report New Energy for Urban Security: Improving Urban Security through Green Environmental Design. Details: Turin, IT: UNICRI; Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2012 at: http://www.unicri.it/news/2011/1104-2_urban_security/110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.unicri.it/news/2011/1104-2_urban_security/110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf Shelf Number: 126886 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeUrban AreasUrban Security |
Author: Jusiewicz, David Joseph Title: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Crime Free Multi Housing In Arlington, Texas Summary: The purpose of this study is to measure and compare calls for service at the apartment communities participating in the Crime Free Multi-Housing Program in the belief that a reduction in calls for service should translate to a reduction in crime. The review of the existing data is a cross-sectional, pre/post study of secondary data using calls for service. This method is preferred as it will represent the actual number of calls handled at each surveyed apartment community. Therefore, the conclusions provided with this data are not based on a complex statistical manipulation rather it provides a snap shot and serves as an early indicator to the body of knowledge of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) so that others may follow and continue the research. It is evident from the data that the implementation of the CPTED principles and the apartment community participation in the Crime Free Multi-Housing Program is correlated with the decline in calls for service. Details: Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington, 2011. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/9582/Jusiewicz_uta_2502M_11349.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/9582/Jusiewicz_uta_2502M_11349.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 126934 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeHousing |
Author: Pease, Ken Title: Home Security and Place Design: Some Evidence and Its Policy Implications Summary: In August 2011 the National Housing Federation stated that ‘rises in private rental sector costs, increased social housing waiting lists, price booms and a 'chronic under-supply' of new homes that has seen 105,000 built in England in 2011, threaten to plunge the market into an 'unprecedented crisis', Housing Minister Grant Shapps promised ‘… despite the need to tackle the deficit we inherited, this government is putting £4.5 billion towards an affordable homes programme which is set to exceed our original expectations and deliver up to 170,000 new homes over the next four years. 'The Government aims to reduce the regulatory burden and where possible the cost of development for house builders. This commitment takes a number of forms, including a ‘one in one out policy’ where any increase in regulation in one area must be matched by a decrease in another, with an explicit approach of ‘regulation as a last resort’. In 2013 additional regulatory burdens are to fall on house builders. These will have to be offset somehow. The Home Office has already signalled its unwillingness to offer offsetting deregulation. Complementing the aspiration to reduce nationally imposed regulation is the localism agenda. The core policy aspiration to create a ‘Big Society’ focuses attention on the generation of local structures and associations. Policy almost always involves a trade-off between, on the one hand, personal and organisational freedom and on the other, longer-term social objectives; between the freedom of mothers to dispense bags of chips through school railings at lunchtime and the long-term health costs of the obesity epidemic; between freedom from security checks and possible terrorist action. The trade-off between freedom in place design and consequent crime represents such a dilemma. Security has a cost at the point of build or refurbishment. Such benefits as it may confer come later. The means by which such benefits may best be conferred require discussion. This report attempts to discuss the benefits (direct and indirect) against the costs, and (given that security is concluded to have benefits), to decide how these benefits may be realised. Details: Leicester, UK: Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd, 2011. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Home-Security-and-Place-Design.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Home-Security-and-Place-Design.pdf Shelf Number: 127917 Keywords: BurglaryCrime PreventionCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeHome Security (U.K.) |
Author: Armitage, Rachel Title: It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime Summary: This paper reports on the findings of a collaborative project (funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment - CABE) which was conducted in late 2009 and early 2010. The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of design on a range of crime types – with a specific focus upon housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. This paper presents the findings of an in-depth assessment of the impact of housing design features on crime. Utilising a comprehensive data collection exercise, the specific design features of thousands of homes were collated and assessed against police recorded crime data. The design features were based upon the key elements of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) including road layout, house design, surveillance, territoriality, car parking, communal space, management and maintenance and physical security. The unique and painstaking methodology not only provided an excellent dataset for analysis, but also highlighted the need both for greater conceptual clarity within CPTED and for crime-risk assessments to be based on the careful operationalisation and measurement of CPTED factors. As well as assessing the impact of specific (and combined) design features upon crime, the research also resulted in the production of a new data collection tool designed to address the weaknesses of existing checklists in assessing innovative contemporary developments, which are often unconventional in nature. The paper explores the degree of conflict and/or synergy between the traditional principles of CPTED and contemporary directions in architecture and design. Finally the paper considers the extent to which traditional CPTED principles remain relevant within contemporary residential developments and explores whether areas of revision are required. Details: Huddersfield, UK: Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersfield, 2011. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9356/ Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9356/ Shelf Number: 129662 Keywords: Car ParksCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against Crime (U.K.)Housing and Crime |
Author: Yang, Xiaowen Title: Exploring the Influence of Environmental Features on Residential Burglary Using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis Summary: With the help of Geographic Information Systems and statistical tools, this dissertation intends to (a) explore the spatial and temporal patterns of burglary, (b) examine the correlation between burglary and environmental variables, and (c) identify specific features of the physical environment that contribute to burglary in general and to repeat burglary and “near repeat burglary” in particular. We hypothesize that some environmental variables such as accessibility, house location on the block, and adjacent land uses have strong contributions to burglary, repeat burglary, and “near repeat” burglary propensity, despite sociodemographic neighborhood differences. To test this hypothesis, this empirical research uses a case study approach and analyzes data from the Gainesville, Florida, Police Department for residential burglaries from January 2000 to December 2003. Details: Gainesville, FL, University of Florida, 2006. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Shelf Number: 129665 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Neighborhoods and CrimeRepeat VictimizationResidential Burglary (U.S.) |